Multiple theories of motivation in organisational behaviour - Free Essay Example

Firstly I believe that we need to understand what motivation is before we can understand why there are lots of motivational theories. Motivation comes from the Latin word movere, meaning to move (kreitner R., kinicki A., Buelens M., 2002, p: 176) which means as fact, need, emotion and organic state which encourages a person to take an action. A persons performance at work is affected by several individual factors (Personality, attitudes and beliefs, motivation, perception) but in particular, by Motivation. The dictionary defines motivation as the reason why somebody does something or behaves in a particular way (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, 2000, p1128). Many theorists over the years starting from the industrial revolution have analysed what makes workers work harder. This essay will illustrate why there are multiple theories of motivation I will be looking at two theories Maslows hierarchy and Hertzbergs two factor theories to try to dete rmine why there is a need to have so many theories of motivation. Many organisations face difficulties when trying to motivate their staff. If the employees are motivated the company is likely to be more successful. To be able to understand motivation and the way it works, we have to understand human nature itself, managers also need to understand the work effort motivation cycle as to not loose there staff to more exciting rewarding and satisfying roles else were.( French, R., et al, 2008, Organizational Behaviour p157) There has to be effective management and leadership to motivate staff. Many companies believe that pay is the prime motivator; however people may want to exceed, receive acknowledgment for there efforts, they may want to feel a part of a group and also want to feel a heightened sense of worth at the workplace. This is where empowerment plays a very important part in a companys progression. ( French, R., et al, 2008, Organizational Behaviour. p 156) Empowerment is the process by which managers delegate power to employees to motivate greater responsibility in balancing the achievement of both personal and organisational goals. (Ref.- Chapter 4: Motivation and Empowerment page 184French, R. ,et al, 2008, Organizational Behaviour. Chichester: Wiley) By empowering employees this will make the staff more satisfied, productive and motivated throughout their working hours. Throughout the years many theorists have tried to explain what motivation is by designing theories describing how managers should stimulate their staff. (French, R. et al.,2008, Organizational Behaviour pp157-159) There are two main types of motivation theories content and process theories, the content theories look at the needs that individuals have, it includes 4 component theories: Maslows hierarchy of needs model, Alderfers modified need hierarchy model, McClellands achievement motivation theory and Herzbergs two-factor theories. The Process Theories are a underst anding of the thought process that influence behaviour. The major process theories of motivation include Vrooms expectancy theory, goal-setting theory, and reinforcement theory and Adams equity theory. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour p160) Abraham Maslow has a structure which he has called the hierarchy of needs. There are five basic needs, which people are supposed to uphold. These are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization.ÂÂ   (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour p161) Physiological needs are food, drink, shelter and sex, Safety needs are the security and protection from physical and emotional harm. Social needs refer to a need for love. That means a person will strive for good relationships with people and a place within there group. .(Wilson, F M(2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) The needs that Maslow has at the bottom of the pyramid are based on basic needs concerned with survival or lower order needs, and t hese must be satisfied before a person can go to the next level on the hierarchy of needs until self actualization which Maslow argued that although everybody is able to, not many reach this level. (Wilson, F M (2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) While Maslows theory seems to make sense at first, there is little to show that a strict hierarchy works in every day working life. In fact research contradicts the order of needs because in some cultures they tend to put social needs before any other need. Maslows hierarchy also has trouble explaining cases such as the starving artist where a individual will neglect there physical needs to gain a spiritual need. Maslow also suggests that one need is satisfied at a time where there is no evidence this is true. In all motivation theories there are always advantages and disadvantages, Maslow has been critical of his theory himself, in a statement he said: My motivation theory was published 20 years ago and in all that time nobody repeated it, or tested, or really analyzed it or criticised it. They just used it, swallowed it whole with only the minor modification Ref- Wilson, F.M (2004). Organisational behaviour and work. Oxford University press, page146 (Lowry 1982:6 Clayton Alderfer proposed the ERG theory, which is very similar to Maslows theory, it also describes needs as a hierarchy. The letters ERG stand for three levels of needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. This theory is based on the work of Maslow, so it has a lot which is similar with it but it also differs in some important aspects. He argues that Maslows theory is not flexible and as a result of this people may become frustrated as they are not able to move to the next stage. Alderfer has minimized Maslows 5 level theories into 3 levels; this theory is more flexible as people are able to go up and down the hierarchy if their needs keep changing. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour p160) Fredrick Herzbergs hygiene -motivation theory, Frederick Hertzberg put forward the idea that certain factors in the workplace cause job satisfaction, while others lead to dissatisfaction, he proposed the Two Factor theory of human motivation in the workplace, he believed that man has two sets of needs one as an animal to avoid pain and the second as a human being to grow psychologically. Hertzberg believes that the growth or the motivator factors such as achievement, the work its self, responsibility and advancement are the primary cause of job satisfaction. Hygiene factors the dissatisfiers using the term hygiene are considered maintenance factors that are to avoid dissatisfaction but by themselves do not provide satisfaction company policy, administration, supervision interpersonal relationships, working conditions salary status and security. Hertzberg used two open ended questions tell me about a time when you felt exceptionally good about your job. and tell me about a time when you felt exceptionall y bad about your job.Herzberg analysed a diverse range of employees twelve different investigations informed the theory.( Herzberg et al 1959,. Wilson, F M(2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) There have been many criticisms of this theory one being some researchers have used other methods and have not been able to confirm the theory there for the theory is said to be method-bound as only Hertzbergs original method is able to support the theory. Other critics found it to be too convenient that Hertzbergs theory fits so neatly into two boxes, intrinsic contributing to job satisfaction and extrinsic to dissatisfaction. In the study by Ewan (1963) found that sometimes the hygiene factor, dissatisfies acted as satisfiers and satisfiers, motivators caused both satisfaction and dissatisfaction. (Wilson, F M(2004) Organizational Behaviour and work) Looking briefly at the most well known motivational theories David McClelland Need for Achievement Theory proposed that an individual s specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by a persons life experiences. Most of the needs can be classed as achievement, affiliation, or power. A persons motivation in a certain job is influenced by these three needs. McCelland believed that having the right resources available such as raw materials, time, having the right skills to do the job and also having the necessary support to get the job done like supervisor support, or correct information on the job, McCelland believed that even if two of the three were met that there would still not be positive motivation and all three must be met to achieve positive motivation. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour pp163- 165) The expectancy theory of motivation is by Victor Vroom. Victor Vroom is very different to Maslow and Hertzberg, Vroom focuses on outcomes not on needs. Expectancy is the belief that more effort will lead to better performance. (French, R et al, 2008 Organizational Behaviour pp172- 174) Looking closely at the theories of motivation I believe that there are multiple theories of motivation as there is neither a right or wrong theory all seem to out line the basics of motivation weather it is in a hierarchy or set in two boxes we all have a need for the basics in life plus achievement, recognition and we all would be happier and more motivated to work in better conditions, I believe that a person has each one of these needs at or maybe many at a time so there for many theories are essential to get a wider knowledge of motivation and how to motivate an individual at work.

Beliefs that are Hurting your Career 2019

If youre stalled in your career and it seems others are passing you by – it may be that your beliefs about work are hurting your career. Lets take a look at some beliefs that may be hindering your performance. Doing your job satisfactory is good enough In todays environment, there are many hungry and qualified job seekers looking to replace you. That means you have to go above and beyond the call of duty to be a valuable part of the organization. You dont want your boss to look at you as easily replaceable. Attitude does not matter if you do good work Even if you meet your deadlines and do good work, yet complain about your job, act like a prima donna and are generally negative, your boss probably thinks you are a cancer within the organization. There have been several studies that show the number one thing that keeps people in their job is if they are liked by their supervisor and coworkers. If your attitude stinks, no one is going to want you around. .uff6c5b06755b4dbe1892aa13e0a37f52 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uff6c5b06755b4dbe1892aa13e0a37f52:active, .uff6c5b06755b4dbe1892aa13e0a37f52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uff6c5b06755b4dbe1892aa13e0a37f52 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uff6c5b06755b4dbe1892aa13e0a37f52 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uff6c5b06755b4dbe1892aa13e0a37f52 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uff6c5b06755b4dbe1892aa13e0a37f52:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Solving Environmental Problems with Science and TechnologyAsking questions about your work will make your supervisor think you are incompetent Good leaders and managers want you to ask questions. It doesnt convey incompetence – it shows that you care and want to do an excellent job the first time. In fact, many managers are probably nervous when their employers do not ask questions. Asking questions means you are thinking about the project and attempting to make progress. You focus too much on being liked at the office Being liked is certainly important but not at the expense of doing excellent work. Never chit chat when you should be working. There are times when you can pop in someones office and have a quick conversation, but you should be known around the office as the person who does great work, is dependable and has great ideas – not the one thats the biggest talker. .u43fee885816923ed1a9cbf287fd2f067 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u43fee885816923ed1a9cbf287fd2f067:active, .u43fee885816923ed1a9cbf287fd2f067:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u43fee885816923ed1a9cbf287fd2f067 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u43fee885816923ed1a9cbf287fd2f067 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u43fee885816923ed1a9cbf287fd2f067 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u43fee885816923ed1a9cbf287fd2f067:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Colleges for the Health Care ProfessionsSurfing the internet wont hurt your work If you spend too much time on social networking sites and shopping sites it will hurt your productivity. You might be meeting your employers minimum expectations, but thats about it. This will catch up to you. Also, many employers monitor your web activity. If you make a mistake you should try and cover it up Everybody makes mistakes at work on occasion. If you do, be open and honest and then do something about it to rectify the situation and learn from it. Covering it up and then having your boss find out about it through the grapevine or some other way will make it worse. He or she will be less likely to get angry if you are open about it. Explain why it happened, what you are going to do to fix it, and what youve learned. .u6cade23d4936e5306beb6138f34be90b { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u6cade23d4936e5306beb6138f34be90b:active, .u6cade23d4936e5306beb6138f34be90b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u6cade23d4936e5306beb6138f34be90b { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u6cade23d4936e5306beb6138f34be90b .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u6cade23d4936e5306beb6138f34be90b .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u6cade23d4936e5306beb6138f34be90b:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ The American College of Health Care AdministratorsYour work speaks for itself You need to be your own PR person at work. That doesnt mean you brag about it, but it does mean if you are tearing it up at the office and get a compliment from a customer or business partner you should ensure your boss knows about it. Related ArticlesHow to Handle a Group InterviewBest Interview Questions to AskTop Internship Mistakes to AvoidWhat to Look for in an OrganizationDegree in Criminal Justice Discover a Career as a Police OfficerHow to find the Perfect Part Time Job

Advertising Analysis Tipalet Advertising - 1121 Words

Tipalet Advertising Tipalet was a company from the late 1960s known for its Tipalet cigarette and its provocative advertising. The company ran several advertisements focusing on a man and a woman smoking. Their most known advertisement was a magazine full-page ad featuring a man looking into a woman’s eyes and blowing smoke at her. The advert shows both young adults in a healthy state with the woman leaning in closer to the man’s exhaled smoke. Towards the bottom of the page, surely not coving the low cut shit of the woman is a box showing all of the different kinds of cigarettes they offer. Inside the box next to the different kinds of packs, it says, â€Å"Smokers of America, do yourself a flavor. Make your next cigarette a Tipalet. This sentence tells a lot about the goal of the advert, they were assuming most people smoked and would try another kind of cigarette. Advertisements like this are not seen today for good reason smoking is dangerous and will kill you. Laws have also been pas sed to limit the amount of advertisements as well as limiting the locations the can be publicly. Context and Description The background of the advertisement is orange-yellow to give the sense of warm calming colors. There is no scenery other than the colors but it is more yellow towards the top of the advert giving me the feeling it might be a warm sunny day. The man only takes up maybe twenty-five percent of the ad whereas the woman takes up almost half. The woman has her makeup done nicelyShow MoreRelatedThe Media Standards Authority s Two Primary Types Of Responses2477 Words   |  10 Pages Offensive advertising deliberately startles and offends its audience by violating norms for social values and personal ideals, and furthers challenge the public’s conventional understanding of the social order. Offense is often more scrutinized in popular media, such as television, film, and videogames, more so than it is in advertising. However, advertising has the most potential in subliminally molding social norms because it is everywhere and often filtered and passed off as nu isance. Through

American and French Revolution free essay sample

The American and French Revolutions are two of the greatest revolutions that occurred in the mid 1700’s through the late 1700’s. The American Revolution was a huge turning point in American history, and the French Revolution was one of the most important events in the history of the world. The American Revolution started in 1775 and ended in 1783. The French revolution started 1789 and ended 1799. The American Revolution and the French Revolution were both caused by unfair taxation and by the Enlightenment ideas, but the American Revolution only wanted a small change in society and unlike the French revolution they wanted their whole society to change. The American and French Revolution were both caused by unfair taxation. The American Revolution began when Britain’s king sent colonists over to the new world to colonize in the first 13 original colonies (â€Å"American Revolution† Int). We will write a custom essay sample on American and French Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By Britain putting taxes on stamps, tea, sugar, and newspapers began the rebellion of Americans against the British people (â€Å"American Revolution† Int). In 1765, the British Parliament made the Stamp Act, which imposed taxes on a wide variety of printed materials (â€Å"American Revolution† Int). The American colonists were outraged over the new tax law, and their protests led to the Stamp Act riots. This was one of the things that the American and French Revolution both had in common. Colonials thought the English could not control colonies far away. People like John Hancock didn’t want to pay taxes on his goods being brought into the docks or sent to England (â€Å"American Revolution† Int). The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was the first significant event, but there were also other important and devastating events such as the Townshend Act in 1768 and Boston Massacre in 1770 (â€Å"American Revolution† Int). The American and French Revolution were both caused by Enlightenment ideas. Enlightenment ideas applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world. The French Revolution was a major European historical turning point that transformed France from a monarchy to a republic. A similarity between the two revolutions were that the development of Enlightenment thought led to increasing criticism of absolute monarchy and an interest in republican ideals. In the French Revolution, Enlightenment ideas attacked the power of the king and the church (â€Å"French Revolution† Int). There was literature by Voltaire, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau critiqued the monarchy and the Catholic Church and examined democratic forms of government (â€Å"French Revolution† Int). Enlightenment writings even played a role in the American Revolution in 1776. Many of the revolutionary leaders had studied major writings of the Enlightenment such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the Baron de Montesquieu. The founders gather the concepts of the limited government, the consent of the governed, and separation of powers (â€Å"Causes of the American Revolution† Int). The King wanted a small change in the government in the American Revolution unlike in the French Revolution, them wanting their whole society to change. The colonies in the American Revolution had always been ruled by British nobility (â€Å"Effects of the Revolutionary† Int). The newly formed U. S. would need to set up a new national government (â€Å"Effects of the Revolutionary War). The citizens of the new country didn’t want the national government to be so large and powerful that it became like the English Parliament with a ruling king and they didn’t want a government that would have high taxes like England had done before the revolution (â€Å"Effects of the Revolutionary War† Int). France’s middle class were unsatisfied with having no say in government; the leaders of the revolution were mainly educated professional men; rich, mostly lawyers and doctors. They wanted a more liberal constitutional form of government like the English had. The economy was really bad due to the main fact of the amount of money spent on wars which eventually made taxes increase; the peasants were not happy about this. Members of the Third Estate started demanding changes in government. They wanted men In the Third Estate who held property to have the same rights as opposed to the men in the First and Second Estate and they also wanted the power of the clergy reduced. Due to the popular opinions and fear of revolution, the King made changes to allow the Third Estate greater power. By the Treaty of Paris being signed in Paris, France on September 3, 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War, and gave the colonies their independence from Great Britain. The 13 states were now free to join and become the United States. They could now form their own government and make their own laws. The American Revolution and the French Revolution were both caused by unfair taxation and by the Enlightenment ideas, but the American Revolution only wanted a small change in society and unlike the French revolution they wanted their whole society to change.

Smart vs Intelligent Essay Example

Smart vs Intelligent Essay I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Definition of Smart and IntelligentThere are several definitions of the words Smart and Intelligent. Before differentiating and comparing both words, it is important to determine the meaning of the word smart and intelligent. Some people think that the words smart and intelligent can be used interchangeably. However, if people would investigate closely the definitions and applications of the word both words have a different meaning. Smart can be defined as a person that proves to be alert, thinks on his own and resourceful. It can also be defined as sophisticated and chic. Other context of smart shows that the word means bright, and fresh. There are other meanings of the word smart but the definition that would be discussed would be related to the word intelligent. The word intelligent means having the capability for thought and reason. The word can also mean possessing knowledge. Other meaning used by smart e conomy is healthy or executing fine judgement.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparison of Smart and IntelligentBased on the definitions, it can be concluded that a person is intelligent if he or she possesses the right knowledge, in other words a genius. A person is considered a genius if he or she can easily know or remember certain things in the world, a person who has innate knowledge without needing further studying. A smart person is a person who is brilliant in terms of using his knowledge to his or her benefit. He or she can be considered as someone who can get out of any difficult situation. For example, Being a genius means knowing everything by the book and being able to provide the right calculations. However, being smart is having the knowledge to apply his knowledge in real life situations. Intelligent people are regarded as the Einstein’s of the world. Smart people can be regarded as those people that have the right judgemen t in things. A person can be both smart and intelligent at the same time, however there are those people who can be regarded as intelligent only but not smart and there are those who are smart but not intelligent. For example a smart and intelligent person knows the theories and concept of a business and at the same time knows how to apply this theories and concept in the business itself. A smart person does not know the right theories and concept but knows how to manage the situation well, On the other hand an intelligent person is someone who knows every concept and theories by the book but this person does not know how to apply it in the actual situation.III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Which is Better Smart or Intelligent?Based on my opinion, it is better to be smart than intelligent. This is so because an intelligent person may know all the knowledge in the world but the knowledge is not helpful if he or she does not know how to apply it. The knowledge i s useless if it cannot be used at a time when the person already needs to use it. On the other hand, even though a smart person does not know any concept and theories about the matter, he or she does everything in his power to apply something through the use of his common sense. The important element that a smart person has is his common sense. Even if formal training is not given to the smart people, the person can still do something about a certain situation because he would do what he think is right based on his judgement on the situation. As much as possible it is better to have both qualities because having the right knowledge and background and being able to apply these theories and concept in the real life is a good strategy. If a person knows everything about what he does then nobody can trick him into doing the wrong thing. A smart person bases his judgement on common sense however, if a person does not have the right instincts then he or she can do something wrong and as s uch can be a source of mistake.IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Smart and Intelligent SituationsDuring exams, I can be considered as an intelligent person if I get the right answers in identification, matching type and enumeration type of exams. It is necessary to have the right knowledge when answering these type of questions. This is so because these type of questions require the exact answers for it to be right. However, for math problems such as problem solving and essay type questions such as application of a concept in a certain application, it is better to be smart. Problem solving needs analysis in order to determine the correct answer. If the problem is not analyzed correctly, it could lead to wrong calculations and wrong answers. Essays also need a bit of analysis so that the person can provide the right answers. Understanding of the concept is necessary for essay type questions. However, both qualities are necessary in school that is why it is important that students like us know and understand the concepts and theories behind the subjects that we are taking. Knowledge in a certain subject is not enough to ensure high grades. It is also necessary that we students have the right understanding in the certain subjects.

Locke and Hobbes Views on State of Nature

Locke and Hobbes Views on State of Nature Introduction The state of nature, in political philosophy, is a term used in social contract theories to refer to the hypothetical condition that preceded governments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Locke and Hobbes’ Views on State of Nature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a broader sense, state of nature can be described as the condition before rule of positive law comes into being, thus it is a synonym for anarchy (Schochet, 1967). State of nature is fundamental in social contract theory since people seek to be governed by persons in higher authority in order to maintain their social stability. Hobbes and Locke were among the few philosophers who contributed immensely to the concept of state of nature. They were both natural law and social contract theorists who lived in the same era but had different views and arguments on the state of nature, justification of governments and the motives to move out of the state of nature. All other natural law theorists, except Hobbes, assumed that man was a social animal by nature. On contrary, Hobbes assumed very different conclusions and was infamous for several other unconventional results in mathematics and physics. Differences Thomas Hobbes wrote in his greatest work Leviathan, that nothing could be as worst as life without the state protection. As a materialist he borrowed a lot from the principle of conservation in motion from Galileo’s theory. He noted, that an object is eternally supposed to be in motion unless someone disturbs it. Using the principle of conservation of motion, he argued that, human beings are perpetually seeking for new things (Macpherson, 1990). In addition stated that, life itself is in a state of motion and can never be enjoyed without desire to move. He argued that, it is only through the search of well-being that human beings go to war with one another and that the fear of death is the only leading factor to the creation of a state. The state of nature is pictured by Hobbes as a state where all are at war with each other. The search for felicity results to men constantly trying to aggravate their power. According to Hobbes, human beings are made equal by nature since what they possess is equal in terms of strengths and skills. He argued that the weakest has strength enough to kill the most formidable, either by secret maneuvers or by coordinating with others. Hobbes cited that in a state of nature three reasons motivate human beings to attack each other, which included the desire for safety, glory, reputation or for selfish gains. According to Hobbes’ theory, in a state of nature there is no room for the unjust hence there is no space for immorality, something that he referred to as the National Right of Liberty.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Individuals wit h collective rationality are contrasted by Hobbes. When explaining the peculiarity of â€Å"prisoner’s dilemma† Hobbes argued that it is difficult to achieve cooperation when individuals with collective rationality diverge. He believed that an individual’s rational behavior leads to attack of other people. According to him, it is our duty to obey the laws of nature just as other people around us are obedient to it. Incases where an individual feels endangered by other people’s standing, in just an occasion one is termed as acting jealously. According to Hobbes theory the level of collective suspicion and fear is very high such that we are excused for not obeying the law and that we only act in a morally upright way when others act the same way. Hobbes assumes that one concedes his rights to the government in return for life. To him, the role of the society is to direct creation of state and a reflection of the will of the ruler and that whatever the state does is just by definition. On the contrary, Locke’s views and arguments differ a lot when compared to Hobbes’. John Locke believed he could live in a state of nature and in a life without a state government. According to Locke, the state of nature is a state of perfect freedom and a state of equality that is only bound by the law of nature. In his theory, Locke adds a moral and technological aspect where he states that due to the fact that we are all creatures of God we should not harm others except for purposes of self defense. All people have a duty to protect and help others without doing harming themselves. On matters of liberty, we have the freedom to do what is morally upright. Here Locke’s view clearly contrasts Hobbes’ who cited that every one has a right over every thing in a state of nature, even the right over other people’s bodies. Locke advocated for equality among human beings and stated that everyone has the power to enforce the la w of nature within a state of nature. According to Locke, harming somebody is only allowed in self defense and those who break the laws of nature should face punishment as a natural right. He argued that each offense should be severely punished according to its magnitude so as to act as an ill bargain for the offenders and to make them repent, thus terrifying others who may be wanting to commit the same transgressions (Olivecrona, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Locke and Hobbes’ Views on State of Nature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Locke the most important right to be secured in a state nature is private property. He claims that God created us to own property and live in satisfaction but not to end up starving. Locke cited that there is a natural reason to own property in the sense that if man was to ask permission from another man to use the earth then it would amount to starvation. Locke’s picture of the state of nature is very optimistic. He argues that nature is not ruled by morality and individuals act for their best but not for the best of the community as whole. According to Locke, the reasons that led to creation of states were; increase in resource scarcity and the invention of cash that is a means of non perishable exchange. People could exchange land produce for money avoiding loss, creating wealth and imbalances that Hobbes termed as a state of war. According to him, the role of the society was to ensure justice was done. Similarities There are similarities between Hobbes’ and Locke’s views on state of nature. Both are political philosophers and their writings have influenced to a great extent development of modern political thought. Both refer to the state of nature in which man lives without a government and both point out risks in the state. Both, Hobbes and Locke talk about the dangers of the state of nature. Man is referred by both of them as being equal to the state (Macpherson, 1990). Locke describes nature as a state of perfect equality where superiority over one another is not exercised but despite the equality both warn of dangers of state of nature. For instance, Hobbes says that if two men cannot enjoy the same thing they turn out to be enemies, something that ends in a state of war. Locke points out risks in cases where the law of nature is lacking and everyone executes duties, this may result to what Hobbes refers to as a state of war. Both Locke and Hobbes somehow seem to agree on the law of nature. They seem to agree the concept of law to imply a law enforcer; otherwise the law would be an empty concept. Conclusion I tend to agree with Locke’s point of view in his argument, that in a state of nature there are moral codes which guide and inspire human beings (Macpherson, 1990). My reluctance to support Hobbes argument is supported by the fact that people may choose follow individual re asoning instead of a collective reason. However, Locke’s law of nature is somehow weak since it requires somebody to enforce it and his argument that everybody is empowered may not be true and may result to what Hobbes termed as state of war.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Macpherson, C.B.(1990). The political theory of possessive individualism. Oxford: Clarendon Press Oxford Olivecrona, K.L.(1998). Appropriation in the State of Nature: Locke on the Origin of Property. Journal of the History of Ideas,78(67),90-123. Schochet, G.J.(1967). Thomas Hobbes on the Family and the State of Nature. Political  Science Quarterly,90,78-80

The strategic dealings of Tim Horton, a Canadian based coffee business Research Paper

The strategic dealings of Tim Horton, a Canadian based coffee business - Research Paper Example Currently, the market penetration of Tim Hortons is slow as it was expected due to presence of Dunkin Donuts. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 CONTENT AND ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Company Issue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 5 Corporate Level Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Business Level Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 10 Marketing Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Strategic Business Models†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Internal Environment Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 External Environment Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 20 Competitive Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... ... Tim Horton opened his first donut and coffee shop in Hamilton, Ontario in 1964. The menu included some of his own recipes. In 1965, Tim Hortons became partners with Ron Joyce. Ron Joyce, then, quickly initiated for company development and expansion. Unfortunately, soon after the establishment of his business, Tim Hortons lost his life in a car accident that occurred on 21 February 1974. After the death of Tim Hortons, Joyce took the sole responsibility and ownership of the company in 1974. In 1992, Tim Horton decided to open an outlet with Wendy’s featuring cross-branded products of both the companies. During the mid of 90s, the company expanded aggressively beyond Canadian Borders. It opened several outlets as donut shops in West Virginia, Ohio, and Detroit. Tim Horton is now publicly listed in Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and is considered as one of the most well known corporation of Canada. CONTENT AND ANALYSIS Company Issues There are number of issues that have influenced restaurants like Tim Horton. Some of them include: Demographic shifts Community Company Issues Environmental Issues These issues are briefly discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. Demographic shifts Demographic trends influence the business of restaurant largely. Some important variables of demographics that affect the company’s business include location, population, income of customers, age group, taste, preferences etc. They are some important factors that must be considered by a company. The population of Canada has increased from 19 million to 33 million. In order to accommodate the increased level of demand brought by increase in population, a company needs to incorporate new technologies into its business to enhance efficiency, hire more workers, and expand its outlets.